Does Parenting Style Matter It seems that way. Essay

Every year, thousands of families welcome a new baby into their home. New parents today only want what is best for their children. The upcoming years are spent watching Disney movies, going to parks, taking vacations, and taking countless photographs of the new infant. As the child grows older, parents begin to develop their own style of parenting. Almost all those children brought into the world get to experience what it is to have a loving family, but for a small percentage, life is not so easy. While every parent’s intentions are the same, the parenting style they develop can have a great impact on their child. Parents with a more controlling parenting style often raise children with less confidence in themselves, a fear to express†¦show more content†¦The parent allows the child to regulate his or herself as much as possible and if expectations are not met punishments rarely follow. Also the little rules and regulation as well as everything else is thoroughly exp lained and discussed with the child. Overall if the child disagrees, he/she is often accommodated and given what they want (Dewar, 2014). Located roughly in the middle of these two styles lies authoritative parenting. Authoritative parenting is an even balance of authoritarian and permissive. Authoritative styles have many rules and regulations and overall expectations of the child. Typically, the rules are discussed with the child and if believed to be fair, are negotiable. If expectations have not been met, the child will be spoken to and have the situation explained on how to improve for future events (Gwen Dewar, 2014). Punishments do exist in this style but rather than making the child fear them, they are given punishments to â€Å"remember and learn†. As opposed to authoritarians’ the child will be allowed to state his opinion and is given the opportunity to question things. Over time, many studies have achieved a common objective; to group parenting behaviors into related clusters called parenting styles. Parenting styles, according to a 2007 article in the â€Å"Journal of Education and Human Development,† are a mixture of demandingness and responsiveness. Authoritarian parents areShow MoreRelatedNo Perfect Parenting By Frederick Douglass Essay1230 Words   |  5 PagesNo Perfect Parenting Frederick Douglass once said, â€Å"It is easier to build strong children than to repair broken men.† Parents want the best for their children. The dream is always to raise a happy and successful child. However, with so much external information from the media and other parents, it’s hard to know what is truly the best for a child. With thousands of years of parenting experience under the belt of human history, one pay expect that a perfect style of parenting had been found. HoweverRead MoreParenting Styles And Presenting A United Front895 Words   |  4 PagesParenting Styles and Presenting a United Front By Shonda Kellams | Submitted On August 02, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Shonda Kellams So what exactly does a united front mean? WeRead MoreTerm Papers1107 Words   |  5 PagesParenting in 2015, spanking or timeout, harsh discipline or no dessert tonight, going to school or home schooling, so many options to be a good or great parent, from traditional to all out crazy, parenting in today’s world is not what grandma could of ever imagined. A parent’s goal is to give their children all the best in life, encouraging them to excel in everything they do, but what happens when that parent goes above and beyond, and not in a positive socially excepting way. The differenceRead MoreBeing A Child Of The 90 s Full House Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagesimmediately referenced parenting styles to the episode where DJ Tanner punishes her son a little differently than Kimmy Gibler punishes her daughter, although the â€Å"committed the same crime.† I am hoping to dissect this exact scene, and discuss DJ parenting style towards her son. I find the parenting styles really interesting, specifically the four we discussed in module four and I really want to focus on that here. Earlier in the course, we discussed Darling four parenting styles and for some reasonRead MoreTraditional Parenting Styles Are Distinct And Share Extremely Opposing Views1600 Words   |  7 Pagespopular parenting styles are extremely opposite, so controversy is bound to rise. These two styles are known as â€Å"Western† and â€Å"Chinese†, and each one has significant supports saying their respective style is superior. The Chinese style is seen as a no nonsense approach and has even been dubbed the â€Å"tiger† style due to its strict and harsh nature. On the other hand, the Western style offers a free-flowing environment where parents are more relaxed with the handling of their children. Both parenting stylesRead More Parenting Styles Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesParenting Styles Parenting styles are as diverse as parents themselves. Parenting is one of the most challenging and difficult responsibilities a person can face. The way a family is structured is called the parenting style. Parenting styles are collections of parental attitudes, practices, and non-verbal expressions that characterize the nature of parent-child relationships. Because individuals learn how to parent from many different examples including their own parents, role models, societyRead MoreEssay on Parenting in Different Aspects1012 Words   |  5 Pagesparents are more worried about their child’s self esteem and if the hurt there feeling or not. As far as the Chinese mothers’ ways of parenting being an effective way of parenting, I would have to say that it may be it is. I don’t think that I would take it to the extreme like they do, but also something determination is the key to success. The Chinese mothers’ ways of parenting may be effective, because it will teach them discipline and it will make their children strive for greater success and toRead MoreEssay on Turning a Challenge Into an Opportunity1010 Words   |  5 Pagesolder teens, but research is showing that the traditional teenage years are not when you will have most of your conflict with them (Parent). While it is true that there are various stages in the growth of a child when conflict is likely to occur, it seems unfair not to prepare parents for those years in early adolescence, when you have an opportunity to really set the tone and boundaries. The research is in: levels of conflict are highest during early the adolescence ages of 10-12 (Parent). I haveRead MoreThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Harsh-Heart and Easy-Going Parenting Styles1476 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss household rules and their importance to the family dynamics. Although both forms of parenting are completely different, both ways have their own advantages and disadvantages. Well first off to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the parenting styles between the Harsh-Hearts and the Easy-Goings, their styles of child rearing must be categorized first. Child-rearing are combinations of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations. There are four different categoriesRead MoreAttachment Theory Essay1732 Words   |  7 Pagesattachment theory. It is a theory developed to explain the emotional ties that children had with their parents or caregivers. It was believed that a child’s attachment style with a caregiver was developed throughout childhood and influenced how an individual interacts with society. It also gave an indication on what their parenting styles might be like, although this was not always a concrete indication. Bowlby’s theory provided the basis on which Mary Ainsworth also worked on and developed. In the 1970’s

The Cuban Legend of the Owl and the Sijú Essay - 807 Words

The Owl and the Sijà º The legend of La lechuza y el sijà º (The Owl and the Sijà º) is a popular and old Cuban legend. I collected this legend on March 17th, when I first talked to Denise Corte, my co-worker at my campus job, about this particular class assignment. She is a Brazilian doctoral student whose thesis is based on a Cuban theater group. She traveled to Cuba to follow this theater group that primarily focuses their plays on Cuban legends. When she heard about my assignment she was enthusiastic, as her dissertation is based on the exploration of Cuban legends. She generously told me about a legend that she had included in her own work, concerning an owl and a sijà º, a nocturnal bird native to Cuba. This legend was told to her in†¦show more content†¦Since then, concludes the legend, on the tree of eternal truths-which to liars is no different than any other tree-the princess, converted into an owl, watches over the night and the sijà º, her lover, whistles to let her know that he is back. Ms. Corte told me this legend is important in the context of the religion of Santeria, which I explored further in research. This legend is part of the Cuban religion known as Santeria, which means the way of the Saints. This religion formed in Cuba when West Africans were transported to Cuba as slaves. They combined their African religion with Catholicism, forming Santeria. This religion focuses on spirits (Ayorinde). The Santeria religion is based on beliefs that there are forces of nature (or parts of God) who deal with the affairs of men on earth, and the governing of the universe in general (Brown). Furthermore, the Santeria religion relies heavily on different classes of being in order for humans to enhance their health, life, and fortune (Clark). Cubans use legends such as The Owl and the Sijà º to show how humans, nature, and the spirit world are all linked to each other. This legend can help outsiders gain a better understanding of the Santeria religion and its meaning. The main theme of the legend of The Owl and the Sijà º, is eternal love. The legend shows that despite the passing of time and the transformation

The Impact Of Technology On Human Life - 1476 Words

Can you remember the last time you went a full day without touching your cellular device? Discussed all around the world is what type of impact technology has had on humans, a controversial issue that has been whether seen in a positive or in a negative way. On the one hand, some argue that technology has caused humans to lose important abilities. On the other hand, however, others argue that technology has allowed us to move through everyday life in a faster pace. The best perspective on this issue, is reflected by Nicholas Carr in his book The Shallows when he writes, â€Å"Karp, Friedman, and Davis--all well educated men with a keenness for writing--seem fairly sanguine about the decay of their faculties for reading and concentrating. All†¦show more content†¦Before the typewriter, women were not seen very often in an office environment but after the creation, women obtain more than half of typist positions. The development of the typewriter had a positive impact on the people of its decade because it allowed them to have an increase in their way of communication and a change in their social work environment. But the typewriter was not all positive, it had some negatives that came along with it. The negatives of the typewriter was the price and the physical form. But just like Carr stated on page 8, the positives outweighed the negatives. This invention of the typewriter is also the stepping point, leading to the creation of the computer. This creation sparked the inventors of technology with ideas that would later affect the people in a whole new way. The current increase in the development of information and technology has also had a positive impact on people. Technology has become a daily part of everybody’s life. People use technology daily because of the advantages that follow the usage. These advantages include â€Å"easy access to information, encourage innovation, improve communication, convenience of technology, improved lifestyle, social networking, changed heath industry, and productivity† (Ramey, 2012). An example of a piece of technology that has currently increased its development over the years is the IPhone. The IPhone has allowed its owners to have an easy access to a lot of informationShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Technology On Human And Animal Life1067 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology is one of the great areas that have a great impact on human and animal life. It has dramatically changed the society. Many people across the globe use and benefit from modern technology, and the vast opportunities that it provides play an important role in almost all fields of life. It has simplified access to education, industry, communication, transport and even medicine. Over the years, technology was employed as a tool for improving survival. However, in the current world, technologyRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Human Life And Improvement Of The Socio Economic Relations1638 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of technology is worldwide domineering owing to its impact on human life and improvement of the socio-economic relations worldwide. For instance, the wireless communication involving mobile phones and computers are the fastest diffusing globally. This has given technology a lot of popularity among the teens and the youths. One thing we have to agree on is that technology cannot be done away with from students since it helps them in preparing for the real world. Therefore, for them to be relevantRead MoreHigh Dependence On Social Media Technology1648 Words   |  7 Pageshigh dependen ce on social media technology in daily human interaction and sharing of information. This has shaped the social interactions and development of personal relationships of people more so teenagers. Individuals in the modern society use social media technology extensively, which has caused significant change in time people spend in alternative activities. That is, given a time constraint of 24 hours in a day, time spent in using social media technology is drawn from another activity likeRead MoreThe Impact of Technology on Family Time1623 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: the impact of technology on family time Do you think technology has changed the way of communication? Is technology slowly taking over people live and affecting their personal relationship? Have we become addicted to the technology that surrounds us everyday and it has sucked us into it? Technology is a use of scientific knowledge for improving the way to do things. It has been playing an important role in our life. It is common today, many developed countries are using high technology to runRead MoreTechnology Importance1088 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Technology, which was always debatable, has now become more controversial. The substantial influence of Technology on our lives has sparked the recent controversy over the potential impact of this trend. It can be agreed that Technology has a profound impact on many communities, however some people claim that it had an adverse impact on many societies. This essay will elaborate both positive and negative aspects of technology on our lives and thus lead to a lo gical conclusion. Read MoreImpact Of Technology On The Development Of Civilization1407 Words   |  6 PagesIn contemporary society, science has played a more pivotal role than technology in the development of civilization. The purpose of science is to develop a vast breadth and depth of data and knowledge to enable us to understand why things are the way they are (Oberdan 26). On the other hand, technology is used to improve real problems based on justified beliefs and organizational systems (Oberdan 28). Without the knowledge and understanding of science, innovation would be lessened and society wouldRead MoreHow Technology Can Interfere With A Human s Health And Development1287 Words   |  6 Pagesis describing a mind being engaged in the internet. With the technology world advancing constantly, one thing is on society’s mind; â€Å"Am I up to date with my device?† Once they realize they may be out of touch of what’s going on, they start to spend their money on what they don ’t need. There comes a point when technology gets extravagant and becomes a negative force when it impacts human development. A tremendous amount of technology can interfere with a human’s health and development. For exampleRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Human Health1479 Words   |  6 PagesINFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN HEALTH Riddhi S. Patel California Baptist University Influence of Technology on Human Health Modern Technology The aspire to make life less demanding is all because of technology advancements. Because of Modern technology individuals way of life is ameliorating, helps incrementing relaxation time, help getting rid of neediness, and prompt a more prominent assortment of item. Assumption of enormous opportunities, a basic need of human life are given by technologies. TheRead MoreTechnology Is Transforming Us Economy1717 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology is Transforming the U.S economy A Review of the Literature Over the past decades, technology, social and economic changes have revolutionized the structure of the American community. Every day the technology is changing, new inventions and new knowledge are developing. The transformation that is happening is changing the life of many families in the United States. These changes are for a better future. However, the cost is that many institutions and business are being left behind. PeopleRead MoreGlobalization : The World Of Politics And The Human Population1648 Words   |  7 Pagesmany aspects of human life, it is a process of change, the process of collaboration and integration among the people and businesses of different nations, it is a process propelled by trade, investment and technology. The process of globalization has great purpose for bring people together and sharing ideas however, it has effects on the environment, culture, the economy, politics and the human population (Globalization 101). Globalization has effected the enviro nment due to human productivity; cars

Abraham Lincoln Essay - 1937 Words

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Kentucky. When he was two, the Lincoln’s moved a few miles to another farm on the old Cumberland Trail. A year later, his mother gave birth to another boy, Thomas, but he died a few days later. When Lincoln was seven his family moved to Indiana. In 1818, Lincoln’s mother died from a deadly disease called the â€Å"milk-sick.† Then ten years later his sister died and left him with only his father and stepmother. Lincoln traveled to New Salem in April 1831 and settled there the following July. In the fall of 1836 he and Mrs. Bennett Abell had a deal that if she brought her single sister to New Salem he had to promise to marry her. When she arrived he was not†¦show more content†¦In November he won but resigned because he wanted a seat in the United States Senate, where he thought he could make a real difference. He was defeated by Lyman Trumbull but in 1856, Lincoln was helping to create a new political party in Illinois called the Republicans. The new party’s first and primary goal was to prevent Democrat James Buchanan from winning the Presidency, it failed. Then two days after Buchanan’s inauguration the Supreme Court ruled the Missouri Compromise â€Å"unconstitutional† and denied that Negros could never be considered American citizens. On June 16, 1858 the Illinois State Republican Convention nominated Lincoln to run against Stephen Douglas for the United States Senate. The seven Lincoln-Douglas debates during the late summer and fall of 1858 were the highlight of the campaign, in towns all over the state. Ten thousand people attended the opening three-hour debate in Ottawa, Illinois, and there were fifteen thousand at the second in Freeport. Douglas won the Senate race, but the debates launched Lincoln on his own path to presidency. In 1861, on March 4 Lincoln was inaugurated as President. Lincoln’s first official act was the appointment of John G. Nicolay as his private secretary. One month after he had taken office he got word that the 6th Massachusetts Infantry was on its way to defend Washington, which had been attacked by a Baltimore mob leavingShow MoreRelatedWheres Abraham Lincoln in Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter?542 Words   |  2 Pagesnovels Pride and Prejudge and Zombies and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter. Grahame-Smith has collaborated on two film adaptations, Dark Shadows, and his own novel, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter. Seth Grahame-Smith and his wife, Erin, live in California with their two children Jacob and Joshua. Currently Grahame-Smith’s novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies is being adapted for film, and Smith is said to be writing a sequel/ spin off of Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, staring Henry Struges. BothRead MoreEssay Abraham Lincoln1426 Words   |  6 Pages As the 16th president, Abraham Lincoln was known to be the greatest American President. He guided his country through one of the most catastrophic experiences in its history, the Civil War. He was a very unique president, being the first president to have a beard, being the tallest president standing at 6’4 and also being the first to be assassinated. Abe Lincoln accomplished many things in the 4 year term he had served before being assassinated. With his intelligence and hard work, he madeRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln928 Words   |  4 PagesP. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln: A Biography (Southern Illinois University Press, 2008). †¢ David Herbert Donald, We Are Lincoln Men: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends (Simon Schuster, 2004). †¢ Roy Morris Jr., The Long Pursuit: Abraham Lincoln’s Thirty-Year Struggle with Stephen Douglas for the Heart and Soul of America (Bison Books, 2010). 5. Similar Articles: †¢ Mary Frances Berry, â€Å"Lincoln and Civil Rights for Blacks,† Volume 2, Issue 1, 1980, pp. 46-57 (Journal of The Abraham Lincoln Association)Read MoreThe Life Of Abraham Lincoln754 Words   |  4 PagesValenzuela 1 Issac Valenzuela Mrs. Barr 7th Grade Literature May 24, 2016 The Life of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born and raised in a log cabin. He was born on February 12, 1809. His mother was a great Christian. She often told them stories from the Bible. One day, Lincoln’s mother died of poisoned milk when he was only nine. Abraham Lincoln was one of the tallest presidents in our history. He was six feet, four inches tall. When he was elected president, he started theRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1521 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the western frontier in Kentucky and Indiana. Largely self-educated, he becameRead MoreThe Assassination Of Abraham Lincoln861 Words   |  4 PagesAppomattox Courthouse, one of America s greatest presidents, Abraham Lincoln, was shot and killed by a man named John Wilkes Booth. Specifically, John Wilkes Booth was an American play actor and a big sympathiser for the Confederacy. Booth was well known for his hatred towards the President and his crazy ideas and motives, which lead to the killing of Lincoln. Many conspiracies and theories today believed the assassination of Abraham Lincoln was handled by John Wilkes alone, but other conspiracies believedRead More Abraham Lincoln Essay706 Words   |  3 Pages Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the U.S (1861-1865) who brought the Union to victory in the Civil War. Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Kentucky. His father was Thomas Lincoln and his mother was Nancy Hanks, both were pioneer farmers. When Abraham Lincoln was two they moved to nearby Knob Creek, Indiana. The following year his mother died. In 1819 Abraham Lincoln’s father married Sarah Bush Johnston, a kind widow who gained Abraham Lincoln’s friendship. Abraham Lincoln grew upRead MoreThe Assassination Of Abraham Lincoln1064 Words   |  5 PagesColin Shafer Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination President Abraham Lincoln was the first United States president ever to be assassinated while in office. He was president during the Civil War and had many people that did not like him. John Wilkes Booth did not like Abraham Lincoln and was responsible for the President’s death. Abraham Lincoln was born in Harden County, Kentucky on February 12, 1809. His parents were Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. In 1818, his mother died while he was just nine yearsRead MoreThe War Of Abraham Lincoln906 Words   |  4 Pageselection of Abraham Lincoln. South Caroline issued the â€Å" Declaration of the Causes of Secession† because they believed Lincoln was anti-slaver (Bartels). However during the most consequential period in American history, on November 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected as the sixteenth president of the United States and the first Republican President. As the commander in chief the union army, Lincoln needed to bring an end to the war and reunite the nation. On November 19, 1863 Abraham Lincoln gave one ofRead More Abraham Lincoln Essay576 Words   |  3 Pages Abraham Lincoln, from the backwoods of Hodgenville Kentucky, rose to become one of the greatest presidents of the United States. During his attempt to keep the Union in the Civil War, h e gained more power and authority than any president before him. A excellent politician, Lincoln was always looked upon for leadership for he put reason and thoughtful decisions behind his word.Abraham Lincoln, born to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hawks on February 12, 1809, was conceived in a log cabin built by his father

Romeo and Juliet Persuasive Free Essays

Who Truly is to Blame? Choosing between telling the truth and keeping a secret are both hard decisions to make. In the play, Romeo and Juliet, these decisions can make or break a situation. The play is all about secrets kept and truths to be told, which end up causing the death of the star-crossed lovers. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Persuasive or any similar topic only for you Order Now The story between the two lovers is that their affection for one another is a secret to each opposing houses. Was the secret worth keeping? As some characters helped disguise the love, others couldn’t keep it a secret. Romeo and Juliet were betrayed by a close friend who made plans that ended up fraudulent to both Romeo amp; Juliet, when the real job was to keep the love alive. Friar Lawrence is the definite reason for the deaths of the ill-fated lovers. Friar Lawrence was a helpful attribute to the secreted love affair. As he married Romeo amp; Juliet, he passionately supported their decision. â€Å"You shall not stay alone, till holy church incorporate two in one†(841). Friar gave true evidence to him supporting the marriage. If Friar had not thought he could keep the marriage a secret, why would he have performed the ceremony? If Friar had not supported the secret and prevented the love from occurring, the deaths of the paramours could have been prohibited. Friar Lawrence performing the ceremony just goes to show he did not put in mind what could happen to the safety of Romeo amp; Juliet. Friar Lawrence seemed to have a plan for Romeo to return back to his love. â€Å"Ascend to her chamber, hence and comfort her. But look thou shalt live till we can find a time to blaze you marriage, reconcile your friends, beg pardon of the prince, and call thee back with twenty hundred thousand times more joy than thou went’st forth in lamination†(863). Briefly, Friar showed his full plan for presenting Romeo amp; Juliet’s marriage to both the Capulet and Montague houses. In general, Friar should have either never agreed to the marriage or should have kept it a secret from everyone to prevent Romeo’s sudden banishment and Juliet’s heartbreak. Friar’s plan did not help as went planned, it damaged the situation. Therefore, Friar Lawrence contributed another reason why he is responsible for the death of Romeo amp; Juliet. Numerous people believe that Friar Lawrence was at the helm for the quietus of Romeo amp; Juliet, while others have a difference of opinion. People have confidence that Lord Capulet is to charge for the deaths. Capulet allegedly forced marriage upon Juliet causing her dejection. Also, Lord Capulet did not support Juliet’s decision to not marry Paris, being that he would disown his own pride and joy if she had chosen not to wed. Capulet’s dynamic ways made abounding people believe that he was the clue behind the deaths. However, Juliet’s father did attempt to postpone the exchange of vows to County Paris until he assumed Juliet was matured and prepared for the burden of marriage. As stated, â€Å"My child is yet a stranger in the world, she hath not seen change for fourteen years; Let two more summers wither in their pride, ere we may think her ripe to be a bride†(769). For that matter, Capulet only tried to be a virtuous father and do what was best for his daughter, but easily letting pressure and royalty run his decisions. On the other hand, Friar Lawrence was secretive and unfaithful as a priest and close friend. Friar tried to repair every problem which in the end made nobody happy. Both the Montagues and Capulets have lost their beloveds from a far past feud. Was it all worth losing? Friar was censurable for the loss of Romeo amp; Juliet. To summarize, Friar Lawrence was 100% at fault for the deaths of Romeo amp; Juliet. Between his poorly thought out plans, the pain he caused Verona, and how untruthful he was as a priest, he, in fact, let down Romeo amp; Juliet. He may have wanted the best for everyone and to make all happy, but he caused more problems than solutions. Consequently, all of the facts I have stated are tantamount to why Friar Lawrence is to blame for the unfortunate events. How to cite Romeo and Juliet Persuasive, Essays

An Objection to Mandatory Drug Testing in High Sch Essay Example For Students

An Objection to Mandatory Drug Testing in High Sch Essay ools for theParticipation ofExtra-Curricular Activities:Primarily Student AthletesFor LA: 401: Science, Technology, and Human ValuesSpring, 2004IntroductionWith the recent steroid a scandal in Major League Baseball, debatesover mandatory drug testing polices have sparked interest across thecountry. One issue that is highly controversial, but has taken a back seatin the in the debate, is the issue of mandatory drug testing policies inhigh schools. With teenage drug use on the rise in the 90s the federalgovernment and the United States Supreme Court gave the green light tomandatory drug testing policies for student athletes and participants ofextra-curricular activities. In this paper I hope to prove that mandatorydrug testing of student athletes and participants of extra-curricular atthe high school level is a well-meaning but wrong-headed approach to teendrug prevention. Although mandatory drug testing is necessary at the collegiate andprofessional levels of competition in order to ensure a level playing fieldamong athletes, to preserve the credibility and integrity of the particularsport, and to prevent and protect athletes from drug abuse, mandatory drugtesting should be removed at the high school level because mandatory drugtesting can have a negative effect on the classroom or team, is a waste ofvaluable school financial resources, may be a potential barrier to joiningextra-curricular activities because drug testing is typically aimed atstudents who want to participate in those activities, drug tests being usedby high schools have been known to give false positives, which could punishinnocent students, and may cause several unintended consequences such as:students turning to more dangerous drugs that are not detectable by thetests currently being used, students out smarting the tests, and studentslearning that they are assumed guilty until they a re proven innocent. DefinitionsAnabolic steroids are, synthetic substances related to male sexhormones (androgens). They promote growth of skeletal muscle (anaboliceffect) and the development of male sexual characteristics (androgeniceffects). Users of anabolic steroids run the risk of stunted bone growth,permanent damage to the heart, liver, kidneys, and a known seventy othermajor physical and psychological side effects. Currently, anabolic steroidsare only legal in the United States by doctor prescription. Doctors usethese steroids to treat patients who have developed certain conditions thatforce the body to produce low amounts of testosterone, such as delaypuberty and some types of impotence, and also to treat body wasting inpatients with AIDS and other diseases. Finally, anabolic steroids aredifferent from steroidal supplements sold over the counter in the UnitedStates, such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (known asAndro). Users buy theses supplements through commercial sources includinghealth food stores, because they believe the supplements have anaboliceffects. This supplement was made popular during Mark McGwires recordsetting home run season and the controversy surround his admittance ofusing the supplement. Currently, there are three common drug-testing methods employed bythe public school system, they include urinalysis test, hair follicle test,and the use of a sweat patch test. The urinalysis test is the most commontest used in high schools, primarily because of its low cost per a test,usually ranging from $10 to $30 per test, however with the relative lowcost comes several problems. The first is a urinalysis test cannot detectalcohol or tobacco uses, both are illegal at the high school age. Secondly,by using a urinalysis test a specimen has a possibility of beingadulterated. Finally, the urinalysis test is the most invasive of all drugtests because someone must be present when the specimen is collected. The second method of drug testing used by high schools is the hairfollicle test. The hair follicle test is the mot expensive test used byhigh schools at a cost of $60 to $75 per test. The test is limited to thefive basic drug panel, which include marijuana, cocaine, opiate,amphetamines, and PCP. The test cannot detect alcohol use or recent druguse. Even though the hair follicle test is look at to be one of the morereliable drug tests, it does have its share problems. The test tends to bediscriminatory: dark haired people are more likely to test positive thanblondes, and African-Americans are more likely to test positive thanCaucasians. In addition, exposure to drugs in the environment may lead tofalse positives, especially if those drugs are smoked. Finally, the third method of drug testing used by high schools is thesweat patch test. The sweat patch test is also relatively cheap at $20 to$30 per test. The sweat patch test is able to detect the most drugs of outof the three tests, but the test is plagued with several problems. First,very few labs in this country are able to process the results, which causesan inconvenience to school districts. Secondly, passive exposure to drugscould result in false positives, due to contamination of the patch. Finally, any individual with excessive body hair, scrapes or cuts, and skineruptions cannot wear the patch. New drug testing techniques are being developed to be more accurateand less invasive. One of theses new techniques is the saliva test. Thistest is said to be almost unbeatable because it uses a persons DNA. However, this test opens up new doors of controversy, because it looks deepinto ones past creating privacy issues and could open the door foremployers to genetically test for certain types of employees. Monitoring the Future is an ongoing study conducted by the institutefor Social Research at the University of Michigan, which surveys thebehaviors, attitudes, and values of American secondary school students,college students, and young adults. The study first began in 1975, whenabout 50,000 12th graders were surveyed. In 1991, 8th and 1oth graders wereadded to the survey. In addition to the survey, follow up questionnairesare mailed to a sample of each graduating class for a number of years afterthe initial survey. History of the IssueIn order to understand the mandatory drug testing issue completely,it is essential that we examine the background and history of eventscontributing to the establishment of mandatory drug testing of studentathletes and participates of extra-curricular activities in high schools. The testing of student athletes and extra-curricular participates did notbegin just recently. However: until recently, the debate of drug testingeffectiveness was minimal. Impact of the 60sIn the mid 1960s with the coming of age of the Baby Boom generationand counter-culture revolution brought narcotics into the mainstream ofAmericas culture. By the late 1960s middle-class youths and soldiersserving in Vietnam spurred on by popular music, had embraced certain drugslike marijuana, hallucinogens, and several others. In 1968, President Nixonwas elected president on a law-and-order platform that emphasized a crackdown on drug use. That same year mandatory drug testing was instituted bythe military, because of a growing number of drug addicted Vietnam vetsreturning home. War on DrugsIn 1970, Congress passed the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention andControl Act. This act significantly lessened penalties for possession ofmany drugs. A year later, President Nixon declared the first war ondrugs. In 1975, the University of Michigans Institute of Social Researchconducted the first of its series of Monitoring the Future studies onstudent drug use. In 1977, President Carter called for thedecriminalization of marijuana, but later he drops the idea. In 1979, druguse peaks and an anti-drug movement began, led mostly by parents. Just Say NoThe 1980s brought about many changes in the drug policy of theUnited States. The drug cocaine was gaining popularity, especially amongyoung, white, urban, professionals. In 1982, President Reagan declared asecond war on drugs. In July of 1985, an Arkansas court ruled that theexcessive intrusive nature of drug testing student athletes withoutreasonable suspicion is not justified by its need. On June 19, 1986,University of Maryland basketball star Len Bias died of a cocaine overdose,his death prompted almost immediate change, when it came to drug testing. A few months after Biass death, President Reagan and the first ladylaunched the national Just say no anti-drug campaign. President Reaganalso issued Executive Order 12564, calling for a drug free workplace inall federal agencies. In addition, in a symbolic gesture he and his senioradvisors provide urine samples to be tested for illegal drugs. Congressedfollowed suit and passed into law the Drug Free Schools and CommunitiesAct, which provide schools with funds to start anti-drug programs. ThePresident signed the law on Oct. 27, 1986. States across the country alsobegan to pass their own Drug Free School Zone laws. That same year,Biass death prompted the NCAA to approve mandatory drug testing for allits athletes. The late 80s brought on a continued focus on illegal drug use. In1988, President Bush established the White House Office of National DrugControl Policy. November 1988, Congress passed the Drug Free Work PlaceAct, which required all federal contractors or grant recipients to maintaindrug free work places. This prompted many employers begin to set voluntarytesting programs. This also leads to lawsuits brought by employees,claiming drug testing is a violation of individual privacy rights. Thecourts responded and allowed suspicion less drug testing. In 1989,President Bush unveils his National Drug Control Strategy, which encourageddrug for workplace policies in the private sector and in state and localgovernment. That same year the Supreme Court upholds random drug testingwhen a special need outweighs individual privacy rights, in the NationalTreasury Employees Union v. Von Raab decision. Roller Coaster 90sThe 1990s began with teen drug at an all time low and the expansionof drug testing policies. President Bush expanded the federal drug-testingprogram to include all White House personnel. In 1991, Congress passes theOmnibus Transportation and Employment Testing Act, which mandated drug andalcohol testing to 8 million private-sector pilots, drivers, and equipmentoperators. In 1992, President Clinton is elected and drug use beginsincreasing. Some say the increase was due to the Persian Gulf War and themedia, especially the recording industry, with messages of sex, drug, androck-and-roll. One of President Clintons first acts in the White House wasto expand on the drug testing policies of Presidents Reagan and Bush; hestarts by authorizing mandatory drug testing in prisons. In 1995, the United States Supreme Court gave the green light tomandatory drug testing of high school athletes. In the case of VeroniaSchool District v. Acton, the supreme court ruled that mandatory drugtesting in high school athletics programs was not an unreasonable search orseizure, nor was the testing an invasion of the student athletes privacy. The Supreme Court ruled that suspicion less; random urinalysis drug testingof high school athletes was justified because the drug crisis in the schooldistrict had reached epidemic proportions. In the four and half yearsprior to the case, the Veronica school district had found only 12 positivedrug tests. Ten years earlier the Supreme Court had struck down asunreasonable a New Jersey schools athlete drug testing program, in which28 student athletes tested positive for drugs in a single year. In the Veronia case Justice Antonin Scalia wrote the majority opinion;he was the same justice that wrote scornful dissent in the Von Raabdecision. Justice Scalia argued that student athletes have less privacyrights than the general student body because they dress and shower in closeproximity. Legitimate privacy expectations are even less with regard tostudent athletes. School sports are not for the bashful. They requiresuiting up before each practice or event, and showering and changingafterward. Public school locker rooms, the usual sites of these activities,are not notable for the privacy they afford. The locker rooms in Vernoniaare typical: no individual dressing rooms are provided; shower heads arelined up along the wall, unseparated by any sort of partition or curtain;not even all the toilet stalls have doors. Justice Scalia wrote. JusticeScalia went on to add that the increase of drug use by the student body waslargely fueled by the role model effect of athletes drug use.Curren t SituationIn 2001, Congress allocated $185 million to the Office of NationalDrug Control Policy for advertisements and campaign projects, in 2002 theadministration only asked for $180 million. On February 12 of 2002,President George W. Bush unveiled a $19 billion anti-drug package thataimed to cut drug use in the United States by 10 percent in two years andby 25 percent in five years. Also, the DARE program would receive $644million, $103 million less than it received in 2001. The decrease was dueto the program in recent years being ineffective and wasteful. PresidentBushs plan also called for more emphasis on treatment and prevention, andfederal grants for drug treatment would be increased by more than 6percent, to $3.8 billion for the fiscal year of 2003. Later that year theSupreme Court ruled on the landmark case of Board of Education ofIndependent School District No.92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls. In the case of the BOE v. Earls, the Supreme Court ruled that anOklahoma school policy of randomly drug testing students who participate incompetitive, non-athletic extra-curricular activities was in factconstitutional. In a 5-4 decision the court reversed a federal courtruling. Justice Clarence Thomas, writing for the majority said that thecourt found such a policy a reasonably effective means of addressing theschool districts legitimate concerns in preventing, deterring, anddetecting drug use. In the dissent, Justice Ruth Ginsburg said the testingprogram was capricious, even perverse, infringing on the rights of astudent population least likely to be at risk from illicit drugs and theirdamaging effects.Clarification of the ProblemMandatory drug testing plays a vital role in protecting individualsand sports at both the collegiate and professional levels. Unfortunately,when mandatory drug testing is carried over to the high school level,several consequences arise. When teenage drug u se began to rise in the mid90s public school districts began to adopt mandatory drug testingpolicies, these policies have since been upheld as constitutional by theUnited States Supreme Court. However, research has shown that thesepolicies are unsuccessful at deterring drug use among teenagers and mayeven hamper the process. The reason is simple mandatory drug testingpolicies at the high school level are aimed at the students who are at theleast risk of abusing drugs the athletes and extra-curricular participants. Arguments For Removal of Mandatory Drug Testing at the High School LevelIt is extremely important for the government to remove mandatory drugtesting in high schools for student athletes and extra-curricularparticipates. Research has shown that mandatory drug testing at the highschool level is not effective for several reasons. Negative Impact on the Classroom or TeamThe first argument for the removal of mandatory drug testing at thehigh school level is that mandatory drug testing can have a negative effecton the classroom and on the team. Mandatory drug testing can underminestudent-teacher relationships by pitting students against teachers,administrators, school nurses, and coaches who have to test them, becauseit erodes trust between the student and the tester and leaves the studentfeeling ashamed and resentful. Whether a school district buys drug testdirectly from a manufacturer and administers the test themselves or has anindependent source brought in to administer the tests, someone must bepresent as the student urinates to be sure the sample is their own. Thiscollection process can be a humiliating violation of the students privacy,and can be especially embarrassing for adolescent. Music And Violence Argumentative EssayThis test alone raises questions on whether mandatory drug testing in highschools is a wise investment. Level Playing FieldA third objection to the removal of mandatory drug testing at thehigh school level is that mandatory drug testing is necessary at the highschool level to ensure a level playing field among athletes. The 2001Monitoring the Future study, showed an increase of steroid use between the8th and 12th grades. The tend also suggests that these adolescents perceivesteroids as a harmless way of bulking up and are unaware of the long termhealth risks involved with steroid abuse. Steroid use is also seen adramatic increase in the southern states. A 2001 survey conducted by theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention showed that 11.2% of high schoolboys in Louisiana and 5.7% of high school girls in Tennessee use steroids. With the current trend of rising steroid users among adolescents,some student athletes want mandatory drug testing to ensure a level playingfield. Ed Boos, supervisor of prevention, health, and wellness for the PolkCounty School District in Florida, said he has heard from student athletesthat support steroid testing because of the unfair advantage of performanceenhancing drugs give to those who use them. To date only a handful school districts perform tests that can detectthe use of steroids. One school district that does is the wealthy ParadiseValley School District in Phoenix, Arizona. They randomly administer $50urinalysis tests to students participating in everything from football tobadminton. Most of the tests conducted by other school districts only testfor the five basic drugs. The reason why school districts do not test forsteroids is the costs per test. A reliable steroid test can cost between$50 and $100 and that is for the test alone, it does not include thecollecting and handling of the test. Few schools are willing to spend thatkind of money on extra tests. Supreme CourtA fourth objection to the removal of mandatory drug testing at thehigh school level is mandatory drug testing of athletes and extra-curricular participants at the high school level was ruled to beconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court. In the 1995 ruling inthe Veronia v. Acton case and the 2002 ruling in the Pottawatomie v. Earlscase the Supreme Court established precedent for the testing of studentathletes and extra-curricular participants at the high school level. In the Veronia v. Acton and Pottawatomie v. Earls the Supreme Courtruled it was constitutional to test student athletes and participants inextra-curricular activities. However, the court did not say that schoolsare required to test those involved in competitive extra-curricularactivities, drug testing of the entire student body or groups outside ofcompetitive extra-curricular activities was constitutional, it isconstitutional to drug test elementary students, it is constitutional totest by means other than urinalysis, and schools are protected fromlawsuits under their respective state law. When the Supreme Court made its rulings they were interpretingfederal law, however school districts are also subject to state law, whichmay provide greater protection for student privacy rights. Privacy lawsvary greatly from state to state and in many states the law has yet to bewell defined. In several states including: Arkansas, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan,Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, and Washington, lawsuits have been filedagainst school districts for their drug testing policies. These schooldistricts could spend thousands of taxpayers dollars and several yearsfighting lawsuits that have no guarantee of victory. Public PolicyWhat Is Being Done?Currently, the NCAA conducts test on their athletes annually. TheNCAA visits each university once a year and tests three or four varsityteams. The universities are then left up to test their athletes at theirdiscretion. The NCAA also randomly tests their athletes at NCAAchampionship events and before all football bowl games. Institutions thathave been randomly selected are notified by the NCAA 48 hours before thetesting is to be performed. The tests are conducted by the National Centerfor Drug Free Sport. Any athlete that tests positives may lose theireligibility for a year. The athlete could possibly lose his or herscholarship depending on the policy set forth by his or her institution. In the National Basketball Association, rookie players are tested upto four times a season. Veterans are subject to one test and that takesplace during training camp. The NBA prohibits the use of amphetamines,cocaine, LSD, opiates, PCP, marijuana, and steroids. Any player who testspositive on a drug test can face anywhere from game suspensions to alifetime ban. In the National Football League, steroid use is banned. Players arerandomly drug tested and those who test positive could face gamesuspensions. There is no mandatory drug testing policy in the National HockeyLeague. Mandatory drug testing is only conducted on players that arecurrently in the leagues substance abuse aftercare program. Players whoare abusers can seek help the first time with facing exposure orsuspension. In boxing, policies vary from state to state, though most do not testboxers. The state of Nevada began testing boxers in 2002 for use of illegalsteroids. Using the urinalysis test samples are checked for 25 differentsteroids. Currently the Professional Golf Association does not test itsathletes for performance enhancing drugs. The reason for this is there hasbeen no evidence that performance-enhancing drugs can improve a playersgame. However, they will begin to test for unfair clubs next year. Major League Baseball has come under scrutiny lately for its drugtesting policy. Starting next year all players will be tested for steroids. The first time a player tests positive, he will be placed in a treatmentprogram. For any subsequent positive tests the player will be fined between$10,000 and $100,000 and could be suspended from 30 days to a year withoutpay. Testing of all players will continue until positive tests drop below2.5% in two consecutive years. At the high school level a national survey conducted six years afterthe Veronia v. Acton ruling showed only 5% of school districts havemandatory drug testing policies for student athletes, and only 3% for extra-curricular participants. The survey indicated that mandatory drug testingwas most common in rural school districts. It also showed that no schooldistrict tests all their students and none of the ten largest schoolsystems in the United States have mandatory drug testing policies in place. Also, currently no school district tests for anabolic steroids, primarilybecause of the costs of tests. The justification for mandatory drug testingin school districts vary from school to school as much as drug testingpolicies themselves, but most school districts that decide not to testtheir students acknowledge that money is more wisely spent on education,counseling, and treatment. Today, several state legislatures have tabled or defeated bills thatwould allow mandatory drug testing in high schools over concerns of privacyconfidentiality, liability issues, and the overall effectiveness of drugtesting programs. In other states, steroid abuse seems to be the hot topicof debate. In Florida, state representative Marcelo Llorente is pushing abill that would require counties to test a percentage of their high schoolathletes for steroids. In California, state Senator Jackie Speier hasintroduced legislation to ban the sale of supplements such as ANDRO toteens. She is also pushing for the state to focus on statewide testing ofhigh school athletes for steroids and supplements. The federal government has also stepped up its efforts in the preventionof steroid abuse. Congress has introduced several bills to aid in thisgrowing epidemic. The first bill introduced was to direct the NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology to establish a program to supportresearch and training in new methods of detecting the use of performance-enhancing drugs by athletes and for other purposes. The second bill wasdesigned to clarify a definition of anabolic steroids and to providefunding fund for steroid research and education. Finally the last bill wasdesigned to give Major League Baseball a wake up call to improve their drugtesting policies or Congress would step in and improve the policies forthem. President George W. Bush also stepped up his drug policies for theupcoming election year. During this years State of the Union address,President Bush proposed to expand federal monies for school drug testingprograms more than tenfold, to $23 million. During his speech, thePresident called drug testing the silver bullet that would eliminate teendrug use. The Presidents Office of National Drug Control Policy said partof the new money would go towards the study of a nationwide expansion oftesting. President Bushs justification for this use of this new federalmoney is the reduction of teen drug use the past two years and arguing thatdrug testing in schools were an effective part in the decrease. What Should Be Done?There are several things we can do to decrease the use of drugs amongteenagers. The first step would be the removal of mandatory drug testing atthe high school level. Mandatory drug testing has proven to be a: negativeeffect on the classroom or team, waste of valuable school financialresources, potential barrier to joining extra-curricular activities, falsepositive result could punish an innocent student. and could produce severalunintended consequences. Another reason for the removal of mandatory drugtesting at the high school level is that research has shown that the drugtesting policies have no real effect on deterring teen drug use. Money that was to be spent on drug testing should go into other meansof drug prevention such as: counselors, anti-drug campaigns or education,drug awareness programs for athletes, and training for coaches, teachers,and administrators to help with spotting potential drug abusers. Teenagersare not like pilots or military personnel that will confine to drugscreening. Teenagers rebel against authority and someone is forcing them tobe tested they will rebel against the school district. The second step to reducing teenage drug use is stricter drugpolicies at the professional level of athletics, especially in Major LeagueBaseball. Professional athletes are seen as role models for todays youth. If a teenager sees an athlete using performance enhancing drugs or steroidsto improve themselves, they may see that as a sign that those drugs arentpotentially dangerous. An example of this happened when Mark McGwire brokethe home run record and admitted to using ANDRO. Almost immediately ANDROsales rose and most of the consumers were teenagers looking to get an edgeover their competition. Finally, the third step to reducing teenage drug use is federalgovernment increase its efforts in more productive manners. Congress needto continue to pass bills that allowing funding for research of bettertechniques of finding drug abuses. Congress also needs to step in and crackdown on steroid and performance enhancing drug use. The first step is tocome up with a solid definition of performance enhancing drugs, then put inplace measures to prevent the use of them by athletes and teenagers. President Bush needs to spend the money he proposed to spend on drugtesting for more effective ways of prevention like drug education andresearch to find more reliable and less invasive way of testing for drugs. President Bush also needs to step up and address the nation on the dangersof performance enhancing drugs and steroids. The President also needs toencourage the American people to voice their opinions and force stricterdrug testing policies at the professional levels of sports. ConclusionAfter researching mandatory drug testing, it has become apparent thatmandatory drug testing in schools is an issue that needs to be addressed. It not only affects adolescents who must go through the tests, but itaffects teachers, coaches, administrators, the school district, parents,and society as a whole. Mandatory drug testing has been proven valuable inthe work place, collegiate athletics, and professional athletics. However,mandatory drug testing has proven to be a costly tool that is not effectivein a middle or high school environment. Therefore, local, state, andfederal authorities must work to ensure theses types of tests remain out ofthe school system. It is also the duty of the government to continue toeducate teenagers, both students and athletes, about the dangers of drugabuse. The government also has an obligation to continue funding researchto find new and effective ways of reducing drug abuse. Appendix AAppendix BBibliography1. Dlouhy, Jennifer. House Bill to Combat Use of New Steroid-Like DrugsAdvanced byJudiciary Panel. CQ Weekly. 816. 3 Apr. 2004. (Apr. 2004)http.//library2.cqpress.com/cqweekly/document. 2. Dunn, Andrew. SCHOOL MAY ALSO TEST FOR STEROIDS; EXPANSION OFDRUG SCREENING. The Ledger 2 Apr. 20043. Floersheim, Ryan. NCAA drug testing levels playing field. Daily LOBO9 Apr. 2004. 4. Gloster, Rob. High Schools Struggling With Steroid Use. AssociatedPress25 Mar. 2004. 5. Gloster, Rob. For many high schools, tests for steroids are toexpensive.Associated Press 25 Mar. 2004. 6. Gunja, Fatema., Alexandra Cox., Marsha Rosenbaum, PhD., and JudithAppel, JD. Making Sense of Student Drug Testing: Why Educators are Saying No. ACLU, Jan. 20047. Hatcher, Donald. Science, Ethics, and Technological Assessment. 3rd Edt. American Press, Boston, Massachusetts 2001. 8. Johnson, Alicia. NCAA Drug tests a success. District Chronicles 3 Oct. 2002. 9. Koch, Kathy. Drug Testing. CQ Researcher. 8.43. 20 Nov. 1998. (Apr. 2004)http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document. 10. Leshanski, Jonathan. Baseball Needs A Real Drug Policy. At HomePlate. 18 Nov. 2003. (Apr. 2004) http://www.athomeplate.com/drugs2.shtml. 11. Leshanski, Jonathan. MLBs Drug Problem. At Home Plate. 23 Jun. 2003. (Apr. 2004) http://www.athomeplate.com/drug.shtml. 12. Locy, Tony. High courts OKs drug testing for students. USA Today. Unknown. http://www.xpressdrugtest.com/schools.html. 13. Louria, Donald. Mandatory Drug Testing of High School Athletes:UnethicalEvaluation, Unethical Policy. American Journal of Bioethics (Winter2004): 35. 14. Luna, Erik. What is Legal Is Not Necessarily Ethical: The Limits ofLaw andDrug-Testing Programs. American Journal of Bioethics (Winter 2004):41. 15. Masci, David. Preventing Teen Drug Use. CQ Researcher.12.10 15 Mar. 2002. (Apr. 2004) http://library.cqpress.com/cqreseacher/document.html. 16. McLure, Jason. Guilty Until Proven Innocent. Newsweek. 25 Feb. 2004. (Apr. 2004) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4375351/.html. 17. Rosenbaum, Marsha. Save Your Time and Money; Random Testing DoesntWork.Fresno Bee. 18 Mar. 2004. 18. Slater, Jim. PGA will test for unfair clubs but not for dopedplayers.Agence France Presse 6 Nov. 2003. 19. Toland, Jennifer. Test finds cheaters among college athletes.Worcester Telegram Gazette 28 Mar. 2004. 20. Associated Press. Anti-drug chief rips MLB plan. MSNBC. 2004. (Apr. 2004)http://msnbc.com/news/993326.asp?0sl=-20Monitoring the Future: a continue study of American youth. 11 Feb. 2004. The RegentsOf the University of Michigan, Ann arbor, MI 48109 (Apr 2004)http://monitoringthefuture.com.html. 21. National Institute of Drug Abuse. NIDA Community Drug Alert Bulletin AnabolicSteroids. Apr. 2000. 11 Apr 2004http://165.112.78.61/SteroidAlert/Steroidalert.html22. Oxford English Dictionary. 2004. Oxford University Press. 4 Apr. 2004http://dictionary.oed.com/Student Drug Testing: Relevant Case Law. 21 Oct. 2002. American CivilLibertiesUnion. 22 Apr. 2004. http://www.aclu.org/news/. 23. Sports Law: Drug Use in Sports. FindLaw Sports. 11 Apr. 2004http://sports.findlaw.com/sports_law/drugs/testing/.html. What the Experts Say on Student Drug Testing. 15 Mar. 2002. AmericanCivilLiberties Union. 22 Apr. 2004. http://www.aclu.org/news/. Why Parents and Other Adults Should Care About Drug Testing: SomeQuestions andAnswers. Drug Policy Alliance. 22 Apr. 2004. http://drugtestingfails.org/faq.html. 24. Win Without Steroids. About The Sport. 9 Apr. 2004http://www.usafootball.com/aboutthesport/steroids.html. 25. United States Congress. A Bill. 11 Apr. 2004http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?c108:8:./temp/~c1080u12AZ::.html.

Food Can Be Something That Arouses Strong Emotion free essay sample

Grandpas Soup is about Kay recalling her own childhood memories of spending time with her grandfather in Scotland, this is similar to The Coming of Yams and Mangoes and Mountain Honey in the respect that Berry is also recalling childhood memories by remembering his homeland in the Caribbean. The two poems are evidently connected by memories and the fondness in which they are remembered, which reveals that both protagonists have an emotional link to food.Grandpas Soups form contrasts heavily with that of The Coming of Yams and Mangoes and Mountain Honey, Kay chooses a form for her poem that focuses on three stanzas consisting of eight, then thirteen, then one line. She does this to keep the rhythm of the poem going as all three stanzas are distinctive and separate. The first stanza of eight lines about soup is free flowing as Kay uses little grammar to separate the lines, only using a dash, a question mark and a comma during the whole stanza. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Can Be Something That Arouses Strong Emotion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The lines are also short, consisting of ten or less words each. This form ensures that when read, the first stanza is memorable as the flow and rhythm of the short lines ensures that the reader can connect with Kays own memories and emotions towards the soup. It also ensures that parts of the poem become stuck in the readers mind, such as and its dice potatoes the perfect size and its wee soft bits which flow nicely when read and further Kays aim of conveying her own memories to the reader, making it significant.The second stanza is longer in length than the first as it reveals the protagonist is pouring out her emotions which creates a melodramatic affect and helps the reader understand the emotional link the child has to the food. This then supports the statement that food arouses strong emotion as it triggers people’s memory and the emotional attachment they have to the specific food. The form in The Coming of Yams and mangoes and Mountain Honey is significantly different to the above as each Stanza is a different length to the next.This created the affect that the protagonist is grouping his different memories and emotions and some are longer than others. This has an effect on the reader as there is no rhyme to the poem and it suggests that the retrospective view is causing the protagonist to express his emotions in a rushed way. Both poems reveal different emotional attachments to food as we see in Grandpas soup that the child holds precious memories of her grandpa’s soup and the links it has.Kay uses different techniques to relate to the reader, for example the poem is extremely conversational which implies the protagonist is talking to the reader. The reader then feels privileged as though the child in the poem is sharing her emotions and memories from the past. Likewise in The Coming of The Yams and The Mangoes, the protagonist revisits old memories a nd has a flash back of all the exotic food that reminds him of his heritage. He is then struck back down to reality and the flash back ends, â€Å"red buses pass for donkeys now† as this reflects the contrast between England and Jamaica and the protagonist soon realises nothing will be the same as he remembers it. This is also similar to Grandpas soup as the child reinforces that her grandpas gone â€Å"I will long for it my whole life after he is gone† and also begins to accept that things will not be the same. Although she will still have the memories, she will always have an emotional link to soup and no soup will ever be like her grandpas as she emphasises in line one.The lexis choice in both poems are similar as both Berry and Kay use the senses to appeal to their reader and use different semantic fields of colour which gives a warm like feeling of home. This is significant as both protagonists are expressing their emotional attachments to food, at first this may seem strange to reader but it soon becomes clear in both poems that there is d eeper meaning behind the emotions linked with the food. The protagonist in The Coming of the Yams and Mangoes seems protective over the food as he has an emotional link to where it has come from.We can see an example of this in the first stanza, â€Å"stuffing up bags, and filling up the London baskets† which supports the view that he is concerned about the way people in England are treating the food he sees as precious. This reveals that the protagonist believes people are not treating these things with enough respect and the reader gets the sense that he is singling out â€Å"London baskets†referring to London citizens as disrespectful to cultural differences. This is due to the fact that the protagonist has strong emotions towards the heritage of his countries food s it represents how it can bring countries and different cultures together. The linguistic deviation used in the poem, for example â€Å"stripes on fish†takes something out of content and outs in another which reflects the purpose of the poem which could be suggested is to encourage people to take the Jamaican food and place it somewhere like in England where it is out of context. This is because the protagonist wants the reader to experience his culture and understand it; his emotional attachment to the food reveals he also wants the reader to appreciate its heritage.Although realises that the English won’t fully understand where it has come from and many of the Berry’s points throughout the poem are controversial. Similarly in grandpa’s soup Jackie uses lexis that relates to home and comfort, as these are the emotions the child links with the soup. Jackie uses figurative language such as metaphors and similes â€Å"like a rich island in the middle of the soup sea† which is a positive piece of imagery. This instantly make the reader think about holidays and exotic things that people see as a privilege, therefore this relates to the soup as it is something the protagonist considers as precious and something money can’t buy. The use of enjambment in this poem is also significant and it gives the reader the sense that the child doesn’t know when to stop and she is pouring out her emotions. This then reveals that she is attached to her grandpa and the soup is something which makes her feel close to him.The protagonist seems confident that â€Å"no one† makes soup like â€Å"my† granddad, which also suggests she is protective over the emotional link she has with the soup and is determine to keep it with her for the rest of her life despite the fact her grandpas gone. Logically it would seem that both poems reflect similar emotions and feelings towards food and the memories it holds. Significantly both texts are about food that is close to home and gives the protagonist security thinking about it.We can see this through the emphasise in Grandpas soup when the protagonist uses repetition to reveal how she will be lost without her grandpas soup. Similarly in The Coming of the Yams and Mangoes the protagonist seems to be clingy on to the memories he has an emotional attachment to as the food represents a lot about his culture and heritage. Therefore the above statement can clearly be supported with strong evidence using these two texts, which suggest that food is something with can arouse strong emotion in different forms.